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3.英語語言學常識: 語言學常識是資格證考試的必考點,其題量為5-6題左右;涉及的的語言學分支范圍較廣,如語言學的基本概念(包括語言的本質(zhì)特征及其功能)、語音學(phonetics)、音系學(phonology)、形態(tài)學(morphology)、句法學(syntax)、語義學(semantics)、語用學(pragmatics)及一些語言學跨學科分支如社會語言學(socio-linguistics)心理語言學 (psycho-linguistics)、應(yīng)用語言學(applied linguistics);同時考查的知識點細小、具體,往往讓對語言學知識知之甚少或者一知半解的考生感到措手不及。對此,筆者將近年來試題中出現(xiàn)的語言學知識必考知識點進行羅列介紹。
①語言的本質(zhì)特征。它是指人類語言區(qū)別于其他動物交流方式的本質(zhì)特征,包括任意性(arbitrary)、創(chuàng)造性(productive)、二重性(dual)、移位性(displacement)、文化傳遞性(cultural transmission);如下題
Juliet says in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet: “What’s in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet,” Her words pinpoint the fact that language is B .
A. recursive B. arbitrary C. culturally specific D. creative
該知識點難度較低,考查方式也較直接,考生只要理解其概念并加以識記其英文表達即可。
②語音學。語音學研究的對象是語言的聲音媒介, 即人類語言中使用的全部語音。在資格證考試中是語言學的必考點,其考查的重點集中在輔音元音的分類及相應(yīng)描述、音節(jié)劃分、單詞重音和句子重音、音調(diào)。如
Which of the following sets of English sounds differs only in one distinctive feature? ___A__
A. /f, θ, s,∫/ B. /t, θ, z,∫/
C. /f, θ, z, ?/ D. /t, d, z, ?/
Which of the following correctly describes the English phoneme/θ/?___A___
A.A voiceless dental fricative B A voiceless alveolar fricative
C. A voiceless dental plosive D.A voiceless alveolar plosive.
Which of the following correctly describes the word stress?___C____
A. Origin, Original, Originality B. oRIgin, oRIginal, oRIginality
C. Origin, oRIginal, origiNAlity D. oRIgin, oRIginal, OrigiNAlity
Decide on the correct stress pattern of the answer to the question.
——Where did he go next?
—— D .
A. He turned to the left at the end of the street.
B. He turned to the left at the end of the street.
C. He turned to the left at the end of the street.
D. He turned to the left at the end of the street.
綜合近幾年的試題筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)輔音以及重音是高頻考點,在往后的考試中其重要性也不會削弱,因為作為未來的英語老師需要教授學生正確的英語發(fā)音和重音位置,用地道的英語口語進行表達。對此,特為大家梳理關(guān)于其相關(guān)知識點。
首先就輔音分類:(1).輔音可根據(jù)氣流產(chǎn)生聲音時聲帶震動的情況,分為:清輔音(voiceless consonants:/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/ /?/ /h/ /t?/ /ts/ /tr/)和濁輔音(voiced consonants: /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/ /?/ /r/ /d?/ /dz/ /dr/ /j/ /w/ /m/ /n/ /?/ /l/ ); (2). 根據(jù)發(fā)音部位的不同可分為唇音(bilabials:[p] [b] [m] [w]); 唇齒音 (labiodentals:[f]和[v]);齒間音(interdentals:[θ]和[ð]);齒齦音(alveolars:[t] [d] [s] [z] [l] [r] [n]);硬腭音 (palatals:[∫] [з] [t∫] [dз] [j]);軟腭音(velars:[k] [ɡ] [?])喉音(glottal:[h]);(3). 根據(jù)發(fā)音方式的不同,英語的輔音可以分為爆破(plosive consonants, stops),如[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [ɡ], 摩擦(fricatives):[f] [v][ θ] [ð] [s] [z] [∫] [з] [h]; 破擦音(affricates):[t∫] [dз]; 流音(liquids):[l] [r]; 半元音,滑音(glides:[j] [w]);鼻音(nasals: [m] [n] [?]);
其次就單詞重音而言;
(1)單音節(jié)單詞都需要重讀,無需標注重音符號‘,如dog [d?ɡ] 、bang [bæ?]等;
(2)雙音節(jié)詞一般在第一個音重讀,如letter['let?]、origin['?r?d??n]; 動詞靠第二如forget[f?'get];形、副、名后綴,地位比較低如helpful ['h?lpfl],quickly ['kw?kli], phyisician [f?'z???n];既動又形名,規(guī)律照適應(yīng),如record做名詞形容詞時為[ ?r?k?d],作動詞時為[r??k?rd];
(3)多音節(jié)單詞一般倒數(shù)第三個音節(jié)為重音,如difficult['d?f?k?lt]; 有一些雙音節(jié)詞,加了前綴和后綴成了多音節(jié),但這些詞按原來詞根的重音讀音, es'tablishment [?'stæbl??m?nt];詞尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, -ive 后綴的詞,重音在這些后綴的前一個音節(jié)上,如originality [?,r?d??'næl?t?]; 另外詞尾有-ee, -eer, -ese, -ette后綴的詞,重音在該后綴上,而且有一個次重音,次重音一般在主重音前第二個音節(jié)上, 如Japanese [,d?æp?'niz]等。
就句子中單詞重音而言,遵循以下原則:實詞重讀(副詞重讀),虛詞輕讀(冠詞,單音節(jié)介詞,單音節(jié)連詞,人稱代詞,反代詞,物主代詞,關(guān)系代詞,相互代詞,助動詞,情態(tài)動詞和系動詞be;然后在下列情況下實詞不重讀,如
a)實詞第二次出現(xiàn)He thinks of that as a child thinks.
b)一個名詞被第二個名詞修 I met her in the railway station.
c)代替詞Which book do you want? The small one.
d)感嘆詞中的what和how What a good day it is! How beautiful she is!
e) this在這些短語中,this morning/afternoon/evening
虛詞重讀的特殊情況
a)情態(tài)動詞,助動詞和系動詞be在句首,句尾和否定時。
Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am.
b)情態(tài)動詞表示可能,驚奇和肯定時。
They may come this evening. Can it be five already?
c)介詞在句首和句尾。In the box, he found a letter.
d)引導(dǎo)復(fù)合句的連詞在句首。 If you wish, I'll visit you.
When he comes, I'll tell him.
e)反身代詞表示強調(diào)。He couldn't come himself.
綜上可知,語音學是資格證語言學的必考點,其考點細、具體、靈活,需要考生完全理解其知識點,能夠靈活應(yīng)用理論知識解決具體問題,做到融會貫通;
③音系學。音系學研究的是某一特定語言的語音體系,即音在特定的語言中是如何結(jié)合產(chǎn)生有意義的單位來進行交際。音系學相關(guān)知識也是語言學常識的一個高頻考點,往年出現(xiàn)試題如下:
Which of the following consonant clusters may NOT serve as the beginning of a word?___D____
A. /spr/ B. /skw/
C. /str/ D. /swt/
The phrase “in bed” is pronounced as __B__ in real speech.
A. /in’bed/ B. /im’bed/
C. /’inb?d/ D./’imb?d/
The phoneme /n/ in the first word of all the following phrases changes to /m/ EXCEPT .
A. open book B. open marker
C. brown paper D. brown hat
相較語音學,音系學知識點的識記繁瑣程度要低,考生們只要能記住其相關(guān)基本概念即可,具體羅列如下:
音位對立(Phonemic contrast):如果兩個音位(phonemes)可以出現(xiàn)在相同的語音環(huán)境中,且具有區(qū)別語義的功能,那么它們就形成了音位對立(different or distinctive phonemes are in phonemic contrast), 如tip和dip中的/t/和/d/。
互補分布(complementrary distribution):體現(xiàn)的是同一音位不同音位變體(allophones)從不出現(xiàn)在相同的位置上,且沒有區(qū)別意義的功能(allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution. They don’t distinguish meaning. They occur in different phonetic contexts)。如top中送氣的[th]和stop中不送氣的[t]的關(guān)系是互補關(guān)系。[th]不能出現(xiàn)在[s]后,而[t] 也不能出現(xiàn)在詞首。
最小對立體(minimal pairs):指的是在同一位置上只有一詞之差的一對詞(When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair)。如tip/dip,pig/dig;pen/和ben.
責任編輯:郭爽
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